Cigarette smoking and erectile dysfunction: an updated review with a focus on pathophysiology, e-cigarettes, and smoking cessation

Abstract Introduction Cigarette smoking has major health implications and causes substantial damage to all organ systems. Approximately one-third of men are active smokers worldwide, most unaware that cigarette can contribute erectile dysfunction (ED). Objectives This article aims provide a comprehensive overview research conducted on ED, with particular focus pathophysiology, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), cessation. Methods A manual literature search was ED up October 2022. Results Substantial evidence is now available showing past current dose-dependent associations in studies controlling for age important comorbidities. smoke contains nicotine, carbon monoxide, oxidant chemicals, metals the endothelium disrupt processes. For smokers, abstinence strengthen reverse diminished function. The effect e-cigarettes endothelial remains largely untested. E-cigarettes expose users fine ultrafine particles toxins increase risk cardiovascular injury, but these acute effects appear less potent than conventional (long-term still unknown). therefore likely have harmful cigarettes. Conclusions Smoking cessation programs nicotine replacement therapy (transdermal patches, gum, or inhalers), behavioral counseling, social support, education be effective approaches treatment smokers. Temporarily transferring from regular e-cigarettes—which transmit some same carcinogens as long-term function—might also useful ED.